Tiziano Coppoli
Agricultural Technical Institute 3B
a GMO or genetically modified organism is a living being whose genetic heritage has been artificially modified by special genetic engineering techniques that allow the addition, alteration or removal of genes, then character-specific.
Current techniques and modern genetic engineering techniques allow you to insert into the genome of an organism from fragments of DNA from other living beings. This is the way in which they are created through genetic engineering. DNA created as a result of this process is called recombinant DNA. The fragments to be inserted by the source are extracted by means of appropriate restriction enzymes that "cut" the DNA molecule by isolating the genes. These fragments are then inserted into a vector by another enzyme (DNA ligase). Vectors can be plasmids, or small molecules of DNA, or structures derived from viruses.
In campo agronomico vengono modificati sia batteri, come gli azoto fissatori o gli ice-minus, in modo che i primi fissino più azoto del normale e i secondi proteggano le radici dal gelo, che le piante vere e proprie.
I principali caratteri modificati nelle piante GM sono:
tolleranza a stress atmosferici
resistenza a virus, funghi e batteri
aumento della qualità e quantità del raccolto
tolleranza ad erbicidi
resistenza agli insetti
produzione di sostanze come farmaci, vaccini, tessuti e materiali
Se da una parte gli OGM presentano una serie di vantaggi a livello aziendale e produttivo, dall’altra sono soggetti ad una serie di rischi di impatto ambientale e sulla salute umana. In fact, inserting and modifying an organism such as a gene that synthesizes a certain protein, foreign exchange risk that the plant nutritional value and an end to summarize harmful to human health. In addition, by changing the bacteria in the laboratory it is possible to inadvertently create a pathogen that could even be carcinogenic.
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